Partial Knee Replacement Surgery

partial knee replacement (1)

A targeted approach for localised knee arthritis

Partial knee replacement surgery, also known as unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure used to treat arthritis that affects only one part of the knee joint. Unlike total knee replacement, which replaces the entire joint surface, a partial knee replacement involves resurfacing only the damaged compartment, typically the medial (inner), lateral (outer), or patellofemoral (kneecap) region, while preserving healthy bone, cartilage, and ligaments.

This procedure may be considered if your arthritis is limited to a single area of the knee and non-surgical treatments such as physiotherapy, activity modification, or joint injections are no longer providing sufficient relief.

What is a partial knee replacement?

A partial knee replacement, also known as unicompartmental or, hemi knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure used to treat arthritis or damage that is limited to a single compartment of the knee joint. Unlike a total knee replacement, which replaces all the surfaces of the knee, a partial knee replacement targets only the affected area, either the medial (inner), lateral (outer), or patellofemoral (kneecap) compartment.

The goal of this surgery is to relieve pain, restore mobility, and maintain as much of the knee’s natural structure and movement as possible. Because the healthy parts of the knee are left intact, many patients find that their knee feels more natural after recovery compared to a total knee replacement. The cruciate ligaments (particularly the ACL) are typically preserved, which may help retain more natural knee kinematics.

Understanding the Terminology: Unicompartmental vs Partial vs Hemi Knee Replacement

These three terms; unicompartmental, partial, and hemi knee replacement, are often used interchangeably in clinical settings, and all refer to the same general surgical approach: replacing only the damaged portion of the knee joint, rather than the entire joint. Here’s how each term relates:

Partial Knee Replacement – This is the most commonly used term in Australia and refers to any knee replacement procedure where only one part (compartment) of the knee joint is resurfaced. A partial knee replacement involves replacing only the compartment that is affected by arthritis or damage, leaving the healthy bone, cartilage, and ligaments untouched. It is often performed using a minimally invasive approach and may result in a faster recovery, more natural knee movement, and preservation of normal joint function.
Unicompartmental Knee Replacement – This term is often used synonymously with partial knee replacement. It specifically refers to replacing just one of the tibiofemoral compartments, usually the medial or lateral. So a medial unicompartmental knee replacement is the most common form of partial knee surgery, used when osteoarthritis is isolated to the inner side of the knee.
Hemi Knee Replacement – The term hemi means “half,” and hemi knee replacement is another way to describe a unicompartmental or partial knee replacement, most commonly when one tibiofemoral compartment is involved. This term is less frequently used in Australian practice but may be encountered in international literature or surgical discussions.

When is partial knee replacement surgery recommended?

This procedure is generally considered when arthritis or joint damage is confined to just one section of the knee, typically the medial (inner), lateral (outer), or patellofemoral (kneecap) compartment. If other parts of the joint remain healthy and the knee is stable, partial knee replacement may offer an effective way to relieve pain while preserving more of your natural anatomy.You may be considered for this option if:

You have osteoarthritis limited to a single compartment
Non-surgical treatments such as physiotherapy or injections are no longer effective
The ligaments in your knee (such as the ACL) remain intact and functioning
You still have a good range of motion in the knee
Imaging confirms that other parts of the joint are relatively well preserved

This more targeted procedure may help reduce pain and improve function while maintaining more natural knee movement compared to a full knee replacement. Not all patients are suitable for this approach, and the decision is based on a comprehensive assessment of your symptoms, joint stability, alignment, and imaging results.

How is partial knee arthritis different from total knee arthritis?

Knee arthritis does not always affect the entire joint. In many patients, the wear and tear is isolated to a specific region, or “compartment,” of the knee. Understanding the difference between partial and total knee arthritis can help clarify whether a partial knee replacement may be a suitable surgical option.

Partial knee arthritis (unicompartmental disease)

Partial knee arthritis occurs when the degenerative changes are limited to just one of the three main compartments of the knee:

Medial compartment (inner side of the knee)
Lateral compartment (outer side)
Patellofemoral compartment (behind the kneecap)

In these cases, the other compartments of the knee remain healthy, and the supporting ligaments such as the ACL and PCL are still functioning. Patients with partial knee arthritis often experience pain, stiffness, or swelling that is localised to one side of the knee or behind the kneecap, rather than throughout the entire joint.

partial vs total knee replacement

Total knee arthritis (tricompartmental disease)

Total knee arthritis, or tricompartmental osteoarthritis, involves degenerative changes across all three compartments of the knee. This more widespread damage often results in:

Diffuse pain throughout the entire knee
Significant stiffness and loss of motion
Deformity (such as bowing or knock-knee)
Advanced cartilage loss
Instability or difficulty walking even short distances

Patients with this level of joint degeneration are more likely to require a total knee replacement, which involves resurfacing the entire joint with prosthetic components.

Why this distinction matters

The type and distribution of arthritis in your knee is a major factor in determining which treatment is most appropriate. If arthritis is isolated and the rest of the knee is well-preserved, partial knee replacement may be considered. This allows preservation of natural structures and may offer a quicker recovery and more natural knee feel after surgery.

Your eligibility for either approach will be based on imaging, clinical examination, and a detailed understanding of your symptoms and activity goals.

Am I a candidate for partial knee replacement surgery?

Partial knee replacement surgery is not suitable for everyone with knee arthritis. It is typically considered when the damage is confined to a single compartment of the knee, and the rest of the joint remains healthy and well-aligned. Whether you are a good candidate will depend on your clinical symptoms, imaging results, and overall knee function.

Key factors that may indicate suitability

You may be a candidate for partial knee replacement if:

Your arthritis is limited to only one compartment of the knee (medial, lateral or patellofemoral)
You have moderate to severe pain that affects your daily activities despite trying non-surgical treatments
Your knee retains a good range of motion, and your ligaments (ACL/PCL) are intact
You do not have significant knee instability or deformity
You are not significantly overweight, which can increase wear and risk of complications
You are in generally good health and able to participate in a structured recovery and rehabilitation program

Imaging and clinical assessment

X-rays and/or advanced imaging (such as an MRI scan) will be used to confirm whether your arthritis is localised. Dr George Awwad will also assess your knee alignment, ligament function, and overall joint condition to ensure the remaining parts of your knee are suitable to be preserved.

Individualised assessment

Dr Awwad will conduct a thorough clinical evaluation to determine whether a partial or total knee replacement is more appropriate for your specific condition. The goal is to recommend the surgical approach that offers the best potential outcome, while preserving as much of your natural joint as possible when suitable.

Who may not be suitable for partial knee replacement?

While partial knee replacement can be an excellent option for select patients with localised arthritis, it is not appropriate for everyone. Several clinical, anatomical, and functional factors may limit suitability and lead to consideration of total knee replacement instead.

Situations where partial knee replacement may not be appropriate

You may not be suitable for partial knee replacement if:

More than one compartment is affected: If arthritis involves multiple areas of the knee (medial, lateral, and/or patellofemoral), a total knee replacement may offer more comprehensive symptom relief.
Significant ligament damage: Partial knee replacement relies on intact ligaments (especially the anterior cruciate ligament) to support knee stability and joint mechanics. If your ACL or PCL is torn or unstable, total replacement may be more appropriate.
Severe deformity or joint misalignment: Marked bowing (varus) or knock-knee (valgus) deformity can limit the effectiveness of a partial knee replacement and increase the risk of early failure.
Inflammatory or systemic joint disease: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases typically affect the entire joint, making a total knee replacement more suitable.
Advanced stiffness or reduced range of motion: If your knee joint has become very stiff or lacks flexibility, you may not benefit fully from a partial replacement.
High physical demands or obesity: In patients with a very high body mass index or those engaging in strenuous activity, the increased stress on the remaining compartments may reduce the lifespan of a partial implant.
Previous major knee surgery: Certain prior procedures can alter the joint structure or mechanics, reducing the suitability for a partial knee implant.

Careful clinical assessment is essential

Dr George Awwad will perform a comprehensive evaluation, including detailed imaging and physical examination, to determine if a partial or total knee replacement is the better option for your individual situation. The goal is to recommend the procedure that is most likely to relieve pain, restore function, and support your long-term mobility.

What are the benefits of partial knee replacement compared to total knee replacement?

Partial knee replacement may offer a range of benefits when performed in appropriately selected patients. Compared to total knee replacement, the procedure is typically less invasive and preserves more of your natural joint structure:Potential benefits can include:

Smaller incision and less disruption to soft tissue

Because only one part of the knee is replaced, the incision used in a partial knee replacement is often smaller than that used for total knee replacement. In many cases, the major ligaments (including the ACL and PCL) are preserved, which can help maintain more natural joint movement and stability after surgery.

Faster recovery and shorter hospital stay

Partial knee replacement may involve a shorter hospital stay and a faster return to walking and daily activities. Many patients experience less post-operative pain and swelling compared to total knee replacement, which may help them progress more quickly through early rehabilitation.

More natural knee motion

Preserving the unaffected parts of your knee may allow for more natural joint mechanics. Some patients report that their knee “feels more normal” after partial replacement compared to a total knee prosthesis, particularly with activities that require balance or coordination.

Reduced blood loss and lower risk of complications

With less bone and tissue disruption, partial knee replacement may be associated with reduced intraoperative blood loss and a lower risk of certain complications. The overall surgical time is also often shorter than total knee replacement.

Potential for future total knee replacement if needed

If arthritis progresses in the remaining compartments of the knee, it may be possible to convert a partial knee replacement to a total knee replacement in the future. While this is not guaranteed and depends on individual circumstances, having this option available can provide long-term flexibility. unicompartmental knee arthritis

What are the limitations of partial knee replacement?

While partial knee replacement offers several benefits, it is not suitable for all patients or all patterns of knee arthritis. Understanding the limitations of the procedure is an important part of determining whether it is the most appropriate surgical option for you.

Only one compartment of the knee is treated

Partial knee replacement addresses arthritis in a single compartment of the knee, typically the medial (inner), lateral (outer), or patellofemoral (kneecap) region. If arthritis exists in more than one area or progresses to other compartments after surgery, further treatment may be required. In these cases, total knee replacement may offer more comprehensive long-term relief.

May not be suitable for patients with inflammatory arthritis

Patients with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis may experience widespread joint inflammation, affecting multiple compartments of the knee. In these cases, total knee replacement is often considered more appropriate.

Risk of needing further surgery

While many patients experience long-term symptom relief from a partial knee replacement, some may require revision surgery in the future, either to replace the worn implant or to convert to a total knee replacement if arthritis progresses. The long-term durability of partial implants may be less predictable than total knee replacements, especially in highly active patients.

Precision in patient selection and technique is critical

Partial knee replacement demands precise patient selection, imaging assessment, and surgical technique. Even small inaccuracies in implant positioning or soft tissue balance may affect joint function or lead to early wear. Surgeons with experience in partial knee replacement and access to advanced technologies such as robotic assistance may help reduce this risk.

Less common than total knee replacement

Because fewer patients meet the criteria for partial knee replacement, the procedure is performed less frequently than total knee replacement. As a result, not all orthopaedic surgeons offer this procedure, and some may prefer total knee replacement due to its broader applicability and established outcomes.

What surgical techniques are used in partial knee replacement?

Partial knee replacement is a highly targeted procedure that replaces only the damaged portion of the knee joint, preserving healthy bone, cartilage, and ligaments. The surgical techniques used are designed to optimise implant positioning, minimise soft tissue disruption, and support a smooth recovery.

Minimally invasive surgical approach

Partial knee replacement is typically performed using a minimally invasive approach through a smaller incision compared to total knee replacement. This technique involves carefully separating the muscles and tissues without cutting through major structures, which may help reduce post-operative pain and accelerate early mobility.

Robotic-assisted partial knee replacement

In many cases, robotic-assisted systems are used to support enhanced precision during surgery. These systems allow Dr Awwad to map the joint in real time, make fine adjustments, and place the implant with sub-millimetre accuracy. The goal is to ensure optimal alignment, stability, and long-term function of the new joint. Robotic assistance does not replace the surgeon’s skill but provides an added layer of control and accuracy, particularly helpful in smaller surgeries like partial knee replacement where preserving native structures is critical.

Personalised pre-operative planning

Before surgery, advanced imaging such as CT or MRI scans may be used to create a 3D model of your knee. This allows your surgeon to develop a patient-specific surgical plan tailored to your unique anatomy, bone structure, and areas of arthritis. The surgical plan guides implant selection, positioning, and alignment, factors that are key to achieving a natural-feeling knee and a successful outcome.

Bone resurfacing and implant placement

During the procedure, the surgeon carefully removes the damaged bone and cartilage from the affected compartment while preserving the rest of the joint. A precision-matched implant is then fixed to the bone using specialised cement or press-fit techniques, depending on the implant design and bone quality.
The surrounding ligaments and soft tissues are preserved and balanced to ensure smooth movement and stability of the knee post-operatively.

How does robotic-assisted technology support precision in partial knee replacement?

Robotic-assisted technology has become a valuable tool in modern orthopaedic surgery, particularly in procedures like partial knee replacement where accuracy and preservation of healthy tissue are critical. Rather than performing the operation itself, the robotic system supports the surgeon by enhancing visualisation, precision, and control during the operation.

Enhanced pre-operative planning with 3D modelling

Before surgery, advanced imaging such as a CT scan or MRI may be used to generate a 3D model of your knee. This allows your surgeon to assess the exact shape, alignment, and extent of arthritis within your joint. Using this data, a personalised surgical plan is created to guide implant positioning, bone preparation, and alignment of the prosthetic components. This plan can be adjusted in real time based on findings during surgery.

Real-time feedback during surgery

During the operation, the robotic-assisted system provides real-time feedback on knee alignment, soft tissue balance, and range of motion. This allows your surgeon to make micro-adjustments as needed, helping ensure the implant is placed with sub-millimetre accuracy. This is especially important in partial knee replacement, where only one part of the joint is being resurfaced, and the surrounding healthy structures must be carefully preserved. Robotic assistance may also reduce the risk of excessive bone removal or unintended soft tissue injury, helping to maintain the natural feel and function of the knee.

Improved implant positioning and alignment

One of the key factors influencing the success of partial knee replacement is the precise alignment of the implant. If the implant is not positioned correctly, it may lead to joint imbalance, premature wear, or discomfort. Robotic technology helps improve the consistency and accuracy of implant placement, supporting joint stability and long-term function.Studies suggest that robotic-assisted partial knee replacement may lead to more predictable outcomes in terms of:

Reduced post-operative pain
Better preservation of healthy bone and tissue
More natural joint movement
Lower rates of implant loosening or revision

Surgeon-controlled technology

Importantly, the robotic system does not replace the surgeon. Every decision throughout the procedure is made by your orthopaedic surgeon, who uses the robotic guidance as a tool to enhance control and accuracy. The system acts as a safeguard, helping to avoid movement beyond the planned surgical area and guiding the instruments within defined safety zones.

What is involved in a personalised surgical plan for partial knee replacement?

A personalised surgical plan is a key component of modern partial knee replacement surgery. It allows your orthopaedic surgeon to tailor the procedure to your unique anatomy, knee alignment, and specific pattern of joint damage. This approach aims to improve precision, optimise implant positioning, and enhance the overall outcome of your surgery.

Detailed assessment and imaging

The process begins with a thorough clinical assessment and advanced imaging. This may include weight-bearing X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs that provide detailed views of your knee joint, including:

The extent and location of arthritis (usually confined to the medial, lateral, or patellofemoral compartment)
The shape and orientation of your bones
The alignment of your leg (e.g. bow-legged or knock-kneed)
The integrity of surrounding ligaments and cartilage

This information forms the basis of your personalised plan.

3D modelling and surgical simulation

Using the imaging data, a 3D model of your knee may be created. This model enables your surgeon to simulate the surgery in advance, selecting the most appropriate implant type, size, and position for your joint. It also allows planning for:

Precise bone cuts to remove only the damaged area
Implant placement that restores natural joint alignment
Preservation of healthy structures, such as ligaments and cartilage

This pre-operative planning ensures your surgery is as targeted and accurate as possible.

Alignment goals and soft tissue balance

Unlike a “one-size-fits-all” approach, a personalised plan takes into account your natural knee kinematics; how your knee moves and bears load. Dr Awwad may use kinematic alignment principles, which aim to reproduce your original joint movement and function, rather than artificially straightening the limb at all costs. Balancing the soft tissues around the knee is also a key part of the plan. This helps ensure the joint feels stable and moves comfortably after surgery.

Robotic-assisted execution

If robotic-assisted technology is used during surgery, the personalised plan is loaded into the system to guide the procedure. This allows Dr Awwad to execute the plan with sub-millimetre precision, adjusting in real time if needed based on how your knee behaves during surgery.

The robotic system provides:

A predefined map of where to remove damaged bone
Boundaries to protect surrounding tissue
Feedback on joint tension and movement

This combination of pre-operative planning and intra-operative technology supports consistent, high-quality outcomes.

Why personalisation matters

Every knee is different. A personalised surgical plan acknowledges your unique anatomy and lifestyle needs, aiming to:

Reduce pain
Improve joint stability
Enhance recovery
Maximise implant longevity
Support a more natural-feeling joint

By planning ahead, and using tailored data, your surgeon can make informed decisions that align with your goals and long-term joint health.

What type of implant is used in partial knee replacement?

Partial knee replacement surgery involves resurfacing only the damaged portion of the knee joint, typically the medial (inner), lateral (outer) or patellofemoral (front) compartment. The healthy cartilage, bone, and ligaments in the unaffected parts of the knee are preserved. The prosthetic components are designed to restore smooth, stable movement while maintaining as much of the knee’s natural function as possible.

Implant components and design

A typical partial knee implant has three key parts:

Femoral component: A contoured metal piece that resurfaces the end of the femur (thigh bone).
Tibial component: A flat metal tray that resurfaces the top of the tibia (shinbone).
Polyethylene bearing: A medical grade plastic spacer that sits between the femoral and tibial components, allowing for smooth, low friction gliding, similar to how healthy joint cartilage functions.

Because the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is usually preserved in partial knee replacement, many patients may experience a more natural-feeling knee compared with total knee replacement.

partial knee replacement implant components adelaide

Cemented vs cementless fixation

In most cases, both the tibial and femoral components are cemented into place using a special surgical-grade bone cement, which provides immediate fixation and stability. Some modern implants are designed to be cementless, allowing bone to grow directly into the implant surface.

Cemented fixation: is the most common technique. Bone cement provides immediate stability and is well supported by long-term registry data.
Cementless fixation: is available in some modern designs. These implants have porous surfaces that allow bone to grow into them over time. Cementless fixation may be considered in younger patients with strong bone quality.

The decision for which fixation is used is often dependent upon patient age and quality of the bone and both methods are accepted and supported by contemporary registry outcomes.

Fixed vs mobile bearing implants

There are two main types of polyethylene bearing designs used in partial knee replacements:

Fixed bearing: The plastic insert is securely attached to the tibial tray, offering predictable movement and stability. This is the most commonly used design and is suitable for most patients.
Mobile bearing: The polyethylene insert is allowed a small amount of movement, which may mimic natural knee motion more closely and reduce long-term wear. However, mobile-bearing designs may be more technically demanding and are not always necessary for optimal outcomes.

Why implant design matters

Not all partial knee implants perform equally well. Differences in design, materials, fixation method, and how well the implant accommodates individual anatomy can affect long-term outcomes and the likelihood of revision surgery. To ensure the highest standards of care, all joint implants used in Australia are tracked through the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR). This registry monitors long-term performance data, revision rates, and patient outcomes across a wide range of implant brands and models.

Dr Awwad’s implant selection

Dr George Awwad carefully selects implant systems that are backed by strong clinical evidence and national registry data. The implants he uses are designed to:

Fit a wide range of anatomies
Allow for precise alignment and soft tissue balance
Provide reliable, reproducible outcomes
Minimise the risk of complications and revision

Implant choice may also be influenced by which knee compartment is being replaced. For example, some systems are optimised for medial (inner) compartment replacement, while others are designed for lateral or patellofemoral replacement. During your consultation, Dr Awwad will discuss the most appropriate implant option for your condition, activity level, and long-term goals.

What does the recovery process look like after partial knee replacement?

The recovery process after partial knee replacement is typically shorter and less intensive than after a total knee replacement. Because only one part of the knee joint is replaced, and surrounding tissues such as ligaments and cartilage are preserved, many patients experience faster improvements in mobility, comfort, and function. While individual recovery timelines can vary, most patients progress through the following general phases:

Immediately after surgery

Hospital stay: Most patients stay in hospital for 1–2 days.
Pain management: Medications are provided to help manage pain and reduce inflammation during the early postoperative period.
Mobilisation: You will be encouraged to start moving your leg and walking (with assistance) within hours of surgery. Early mobilisation helps reduce the risk of blood clots and promotes faster recovery.

First 2 weeks after surgery

Wound care: You’ll be given instructions for keeping the surgical wound clean and dry. Dressings are usually removed after 14 days.
Walking aids: Most people use crutches or a walking frame for support during the first week or two. As strength and balance improve, you may progress to walking unaided.
Swelling and stiffness: It is normal to experience some swelling, tightness, and reduced range of motion early in the recovery. Icing and elevation can help reduce discomfort.

Physiotherapy and rehabilitation

Exercise program: Physiotherapy usually begins immediately after surgery, either while you are in hospital or shortly after discharge. Your physiotherapist will guide you through a personalised program focused on:

Regaining range of motion
Improving strength in the thigh and calf muscles
Enhancing balance and walking patterns

Home or outpatient rehab: Some patients continue rehab at home, while others attend outpatient physiotherapy clinics. The intensity and frequency of sessions will be adjusted based on your needs and goals.

6–12 weeks after surgery

Improved function: Most patients return to regular daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, and light household tasks within 6 weeks.
Driving: Many patients feel confident to drive again around the 4–6-week mark, particularly once they can fully bend the knee and safely operate pedals. Always check with your surgeon for clearance.
Return to work: Depending on your occupation, you may be able to return to work within 3–6 weeks (for desk-based roles) or a little longer if your job involves more physical demands.

Long-term recovery

Activity levels: After 3 months, many patients resume recreational activities such as swimming, cycling, or golf. High-impact sports are usually discouraged to protect the longevity of the implant.
Follow-up: Dr Awwad will monitor your recovery with follow-up appointments and periodic imaging to ensure the implant is functioning well.

Key recovery benefits with partial knee replacement

Compared to total knee replacement, recovery after partial knee replacement may offer:

Less postoperative pain and swelling
Quicker return of mobility
Shorter hospital stay
Faster rehabilitation milestones
A more “natural” feeling knee due to preservation of native ligaments and joint surfaces

Every recovery journey is unique. During your consultation, Dr Awwad will provide you with tailored guidance and recovery expectations based on your health, surgery details, and lifestyle goals.

When can I return to walking, driving, and work after partial knee replacement?

Partial knee replacement generally allows for a faster return to everyday activities compared to total knee replacement. The timeline will vary depending on your overall health, the demands of your daily life and job, and how your recovery progresses. Below is a general guide to what you can expect:

Walking

Most patients begin walking with the assistance of a frame or crutches on the day of surgery or the morning after. Because partial knee replacement preserves more of the natural knee structure and function, walking can usually progress quickly.

Week 1–2: Walking short distances indoors with crutches or a frame. Some patients can begin weaning off walking aids within the first two weeks.
Week 2–4: Increased walking capacity around the home and outdoors. Many patients can walk unaided on flat surfaces.
Week 4–6: Most people are walking independently, with confidence on stairs and uneven ground gradually improving.

Your physiotherapist will guide you through walking milestones and provide strategies to improve your gait and balance.

Driving

The ability to return to driving safely depends on several factors, including which leg was operated on, your reaction time, and your ability to control the pedals without discomfort.

Most patients are able to return to driving between 4–6 weeks after surgery, once they can:

Bend the knee comfortably to operate pedals
Perform an emergency stop safely
Are no longer taking strong opioid pain medication

It’s important to check with Dr Awwad for medical clearance before resuming driving.

Returning to work

Your return-to-work timeline will depend on the type of work you do:

Sedentary jobs (e.g. office work): Many patients return between 3–6 weeks post-surgery if they can sit comfortably, manage stairs, and commute safely.
Standing or light manual jobs: These may require 6–8 weeks of recovery before returning.
Physically demanding jobs (e.g. construction, trades, healthcare): You may need 8–12 weeks or more off, especially if kneeling, lifting, or climbing is required.

Dr Awwad will discuss your work requirements during your follow-up appointments and provide a medical certificate or return-to-work plan as needed.

Summary

Activity	Typical Return Time
Walking with support	Same day to 1 day post-
Walking independent	2–6 weeks
Driving	4–6 weeks (with clearance
Return to desk work	3–6 weeks
Return to physical work	6–12 weeks

Everyone’s recovery is different. You will receive individualised advice tailored to your progress, health status, and goals throughout the recovery journey.

Walking

Week 1–2: Walking short distances indoors with crutches or a frame. Some patients can begin weaning off walking aids within the first two weeks.
Week 2–4: Increased walking capacity around the home and outdoors. Many patients can walk unaided on flat surfaces.
Week 4–6: Most people are walking independently, with confidence on stairs and uneven ground gradually improving.

Your physiotherapist will guide you through walking milestones and provide strategies to improve your gait and balance.

Driving

The ability to return to driving safely depends on several factors, including which leg was operated on, your reaction time, and your ability to control the pedals without discomfort.

Most patients are able to return to driving between 4–6 weeks after surgery, once they can:

Bend the knee comfortably to operate pedals
Perform an emergency stop safely
Are no longer taking strong opioid pain medication

It’s important to check with Dr Awwad for medical clearance before resuming driving.

Returning to work

Your return-to-work timeline will depend on the type of work you do:

Sedentary jobs (e.g. office work): Many patients return between 3–6 weeks post-surgery if they can sit comfortably, manage stairs, and commute safely.
Standing or light manual jobs: These may require 6–8 weeks of recovery before returning.
Physically demanding jobs (e.g. construction, trades, healthcare): You may need 8–12 weeks or more off, especially if kneeling, lifting, or climbing is required.

Dr Awwad will discuss your work requirements during your follow-up appointments and provide a medical certificate or return-to-work plan as needed.

Summary

Activity	Typical Return Time
Walking with support	Same day to 1 day post-
Walking independent	2–6 weeks
Driving	4–6 weeks (with clearance
Return to desk work	3–6 weeks
Return to physical work	6–12 weeks

Everyone’s recovery is different. You will receive individualised advice tailored to your progress, health status, and goals throughout the recovery journey.

Is physiotherapy required after partial knee replacement surgery?

Yes, physiotherapy is a vital part of your recovery following partial knee replacement surgery. While the procedure typically allows for a faster recovery than total knee replacement, a structured rehabilitation program led by a physiotherapist helps you regain strength, flexibility, and confidence in your knee.

Why physiotherapy matters after partial knee replacement

After surgery, your muscles, ligaments, and surrounding soft tissues need time and support to adjust to the new joint mechanics. Physiotherapy plays a key role in:

Improving knee movement and range of motion
Strengthening muscles around the knee and hip
Re-training your walking pattern (gait) to avoid limping or compensatory habits
Preventing stiffness and scar tissue formation
Reducing swelling and pain with targeted strategies
Supporting balance and coordination
Helping you safely return to daily activities, work, and exercise

When physiotherapy begins

Immediately after surgery: While still in hospital, you’ll usually begin gentle exercises and start walking with the help of physiotherapy staff.
Early recovery (first 2–6 weeks): Your physiotherapist will provide exercises to improve knee mobility and start strengthening.
Later phases (6 weeks and beyond): The focus shifts to more advanced strengthening, balance training, and return to specific functional or occupational tasks.

Personalised exercise plan

Your rehabilitation program will be tailored to your individual needs, taking into account:

The compartment of the knee replaced (medial, lateral, or patellofemoral)
Your overall health and fitness
Your lifestyle goals and activity level
Your progress during early recovery

Dr Awwad works closely with physiotherapists who understand your surgical approach and goals, ensuring a coordinated recovery.

How long will I need physiotherapy?

Most patients benefit from at least 6–12 weeks of guided physiotherapy, although some may continue longer depending on their needs and goals. Ongoing home exercises are usually recommended for several months to maintain strength and function.

In summary, physiotherapy is essential for achieving the best possible outcome from your partial knee replacement. It supports faster recovery, safer return to activities, and better long-term function of your new joint. Your physiotherapy plan will be carefully aligned with your surgery and your personal recovery goals.

What are the potential risks or complications?

Like all surgical procedures, partial knee replacement carries a degree of risk. While most patients experience good outcomes, it’s important to be aware of possible complications so you can make a fully informed decision and be prepared for your recovery. Dr George Awwad will discuss these risks in detail during your consultation and provide guidance to help reduce the likelihood of complications.
Potential surgical and post-operative risks may include:

Infection: As with any surgery, there is a risk of infection at the surgical site or within the joint. Preventative measures such as antibiotics and sterile techniques are used to minimise this risk.
Blood clots: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism can occur after joint surgery. Blood-thinning medication, early mobilisation, and compression devices are often used to help prevent this.
Implant-related complications: These can include loosening, wear, or breakage of the prosthetic components over time. If this occurs, revision surgery may be needed.
Stiffness or reduced range of motion: While many patients regain good movement, scar tissue or joint stiffness can occasionally limit range of motion.
Nerve or blood vessel injury: Although rare, there is a small risk of injury to nearby nerves or blood vessels during surgery.
Persistent pain: Some patients may experience ongoing discomfort after surgery, even when the implant is functioning well. This can be due to soft tissue irritation, mechanical issues, or other causes unrelated to the implant.
Change in knee alignment or function: In some cases, the alignment or balance of the knee may feel different after surgery. Robotic-assisted techniques and personalised surgical planning aim to reduce this risk by improving implant positioning and joint balance.
Reoperation or revision surgery: Though partial knee replacement aims to preserve as much of the healthy knee as possible, the remaining compartments may develop arthritis over time. This may eventually require conversion to a total knee replacement if symptoms become severe.

Minimising risk through careful planning and modern techniques

Dr Awwad utilises modern surgical planning tools, established surgical techniques, and where appropriate, robotic-assisted technology to support accuracy during knee replacement procedures. These approaches aim to enhance implant positioning and joint function. Post-operative care, including physiotherapy and clinical monitoring, is an important part of the recovery process and may assist in reducing the likelihood of complications.

If you have medical conditions or risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, or obesity, these will be reviewed and taken into account as part of your surgical planning and post-operative care. Dr Awwad will discuss strategies that may help optimise your health and recovery outcomes.

Partial knee replacement vs total knee replacement: which is right for you?

If you’re living with knee arthritis, one of the most important decisions in your treatment journey is whether to have a partial knee replacement (PKR) or a total knee replacement (TKR). Both procedures aim to relieve pain and improve function, but they differ in terms of surgical approach, recovery, and long-term considerations. The most appropriate option for you depends on the extent of arthritis in your knee, your overall health, lifestyle, and goals.

Key differences between partial and total knee replacement

Feature	Partial Knee Replacement (PKR)	Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
Extent of arthritis treated	One compartment only (typically medial, lateral, or patellofemoral)	Two or more compartments (always medial and lateral; patellofemoral joint may or may not be resurfaced)
Tissue preservation	Preserves more bone and ligaments	Replaces all joint surfaces and sometimes removes ligaments
Surgical invasiveness	Smaller incision, less bone removal	Larger incision, more comprehensive reconstruction
Recovery time	Generally faster recovery and shorter hospital stay	Longer initial recovery, more extensive physiotherapy
Knee function	Often retains more natural movement and feel	Reliable pain relief, but may feel more artificial
Suitability	Best for patients with isolated compartment arthritis	Suitable for widespread arthritis across the entire knee
Revision risk	May require conversion to TKR in future if arthritis spreads	Typically lasts longer with fewer additional surgeries required

Factors that influence the decision

1. Location and extent of arthritis

If your arthritis is confined to a single compartment of the knee and the rest of the joint is healthy; a partial knee replacement may be a suitable option. If multiple compartments are affected, a total knee replacement may be more effective.

2. Knee stability and alignment

Partial knee replacement relies on healthy surrounding ligaments, particularly the ACL. If there is instability or deformity in the knee, a total knee replacement may be more appropriate.

3. Age and activity level

Recovery after PKR may be faster with a more natural knee function, however younger and more active patients may have a higher rate of requiring a revision in the future. TKR may offer greater longevity, especially for patients with more advanced degeneration.

4. Your health and surgical risk

Patients with lower surgical risk and good general health may be suitable for either procedure. Those seeking a shorter hospital stay and less invasive option may prefer PKR if clinically appropriate.

A personalised approach with Dr George Awwad

Dr Awwad carefully evaluates each patient using physical examination, imaging studies, and detailed pre-operative planning tools to determine the best surgical option for your individual needs. His focus is on preserving as much of your natural knee function as possible while delivering lasting pain relief and joint stability. Whether you are suited to a partial or total knee replacement, Dr Awwad will provide you with the information, support, and surgical expertise to help you make the decision that best aligns with your health, lifestyle, and long-term goals.

Your partial knee replacement surgical journey with Dr George Awwad

Undergoing partial knee replacement is a significant decision, and Dr George Awwad is committed to supporting you at each stage with clear communication, careful planning, and patient-focused care. Your surgical journey will typically follow a structured pathway that ensures you are fully informed and well-supported throughout the process.

Initial consultation and assessment

Your journey begins with a detailed consultation where Dr Awwad will assess your symptoms, review your imaging (such as X-rays or MRI scans), and perform a clinical examination. If partial knee replacement is considered appropriate, he will explain the benefits, risks, and alternatives so you can make an informed decision about your care.

Pre-operative planning

If you choose to proceed with surgery, Dr Awwad will create a personalised surgical plan using pre-operative imaging (such as a CT scan) and planning software. This step allows him to tailor the procedure to your unique anatomy and determine the most accurate implant positioning. If robotic assistance is being used, this plan is uploaded into the robotic system to guide intraoperative precision.You will also be guided through pre-surgical preparation, which may include:

A review of your general health and any medical conditions
Medication review and blood tests
Prehabilitation exercises (if recommended)
Information about your hospital admission, fasting, and discharge plan

Day of surgery

Your partial knee replacement surgery will be performed in a hospital setting under spinal or general anaesthesia, depending on your medical history and anaesthetist’s recommendation. The procedure typically takes 1 to 1.5 hours. Dr Awwad uses a minimally invasive approach where possible, aiming to preserve surrounding structures and support early recovery.

Surgical Procedure: Step-by-Step

1. Anaesthesia

You will receive either:

Spinal anaesthesia (most common), often combined with sedation, or
General anaesthesia, based on your health status and anaesthetic preference.

A nerve block may also be used to assist with post-operative pain control.

2. Incision and Exposure

A small incision is made over the affected compartment (usually the medial side of the knee). Dr Awwad uses a muscle-sparing approach, aiming to preserve the surrounding ligaments and tissues for a faster recovery.

3. Bone Preparation

Damaged bone and cartilage from the affected compartment of your knee (either medial, lateral, or patellofemoral) are carefully removed using precision-guided instruments or robotic technology. The remaining healthy parts of the knee are preserved.

4. Implant Placement

The metal components are positioned on the femur and tibia, and a polyethylene spacer is inserted between them. Dr Awwad ensures that alignment and balance are correct using robotic feedback or intraoperative testing.

5. Range of Motion Check

Before closing the incision, the knee is moved through its range of motion to confirm smooth function, implant stability, and ligament balance.

6. Wound Closure

The wound is closed in layers with absorbable sutures or staples. A sterile dressing is applied, and the leg is often wrapped to reduce swelling.

7. After the procedure:

You’ll be monitored in recovery and transferred to your hospital room
Physiotherapy typically begins within hours of surgery
Most patients walk with a frame or crutches the same day

1. Anaesthesia

You will receive either:

Spinal anaesthesia (most common), often combined with sedation, or
General anaesthesia, based on your health status and anaesthetic preference.

A nerve block may also be used to assist with post-operative pain control.

2. Incision and Exposure

3. Bone Preparation

4. Implant Placement

5. Range of Motion Check

Before closing the incision, the knee is moved through its range of motion to confirm smooth function, implant stability, and ligament balance.

6. Wound Closure

The wound is closed in layers with absorbable sutures or staples. A sterile dressing is applied, and the leg is often wrapped to reduce swelling.

7. After the procedure:

You’ll be monitored in recovery and transferred to your hospital room
Physiotherapy typically begins within hours of surgery
Most patients walk with a frame or crutches the same day

Hospital stay and immediate post-operative care

Most patients stay in hospital for 1 to 2 nights after surgery. During this time:

Your pain will be carefully managed
A physiotherapist will assist you to begin walking, usually within 24 hours
You will be given a mobility aid (such as crutches or a frame)
Dr Awwad will review your progress and discuss the next steps

Recovery and rehabilitation

Once discharged, your recovery continues at home with the support of physiotherapy and follow-up appointments. You’ll be given:

Wound care instructions
Medication guidance
An individualised physiotherapy program to help regain strength, mobility, and confidence
A timeline for returning to driving, work, and other daily activities

Follow-up with Dr Awwad

Post operatively you will return for a follow-up appointment with Dr Awwad. This consultation provides an opportunity to assess your wound healing, monitor your knee’s range of motion, and evaluate how your implant is functioning during daily activities.

Dr Awwad will also discuss your progress in physiotherapy and provide personalised guidance on safely increasing your activity levels. If you have any concerns during your recovery, Dr Awwad remains available to support you and adjust your care plan as needed.

Partial knee replacement surgery FAQs

How long will my partial knee replacement last?

The longevity of a partial knee replacement varies from person to person and depends on several factors, including age, activity level, body weight, bone quality, and how well the joint is cared for after surgery. Current research suggests that many partial knee replacements can last 10 to 15 years or more, particularly when performed in well-selected patients using modern implants and precise surgical techniques. In some cases, partial knee replacements have lasted well beyond this timeframe. To support the best possible outcome, Dr George Awwad uses high-performing implants, patient-specific planning, and may incorporate robotic-assisted techniques for enhanced precision.

If a partial knee replacement eventually wears out or fails, it is usually possible to revise it to a total knee replacement. The goal is always to achieve a durable result the first time, helping you maintain mobility and reduce discomfort for many years to come.

Can I return to sports after a partial knee replacement?

Many patients return to low-impact activities such as walking, swimming, cycling, and golf following recovery. Partial knee replacement may offer better preservation of natural movement, which can support return to some higher levels of activity compared to total knee replacement. That said, high-impact or contact sports such as running, jumping, or football are generally discouraged to avoid excessive stress on the implant. Dr Awwad will provide personalised advice based on your fitness level, goals, and implant type.

Is robotic-assisted surgery used in every case?

Dr Awwad offers robotic-assisted surgery where appropriate, as it allows for greater surgical accuracy and reproducibility. Not all patients may require or benefit from robotic technology, and Dr Awwad will discuss the best surgical approach for your individual case during your consultation.

Can I drive after partial knee replacement?

Most patients can return to driving within 4 to 6 weeks, once they are no longer taking strong pain medication, have regained sufficient strength and control in the operated leg, and feel safe behind the wheel. Always check with Dr Awwad before resuming driving.

Is the recovery faster than total knee replacement?

Yes, for suitable candidates, recovery from partial knee replacement is generally faster than that of a total knee replacement. Many patients experience less pain, quicker return to walking, and shorter hospital stays, particularly when combined with a minimally invasive surgical technique and enhanced recovery pathway.

Will I need physiotherapy?

Yes. Physiotherapy plays a vital role in restoring strength, flexibility, and confidence after your procedure. Dr Awwad works closely with experienced physiotherapists who will guide your progress from early mobilisation in hospital through to return to normal activity.

Are there risks involved in partial knee replacement?

Like all surgery, there are potential risks, including infection, blood clots, implant wear or loosening, stiffness, or ongoing discomfort. With careful patient selection, personalised planning, and modern techniques, these risks may be reduced. You will receive detailed information about risks and how they apply to your situation during your consultation with Dr Awwad.

How do I know if I need a total knee replacement instead?

Dr Awwad will assess your imaging and clinical symptoms to determine which parts of your knee are affected by arthritis. If your condition involves more than one compartment of the knee or if there are signs of instability, a total knee replacement may be more appropriate. Where possible, preserving healthy parts of the knee with a partial replacement can offer excellent outcomes.

What happens if the other compartments develop arthritis?

A partial knee replacement addresses arthritis that is limited to one compartment of the knee, most commonly the medial (inner), lateral (outer), or patellofemoral (kneecap) compartment. The remaining parts of the knee, which are not replaced during this surgery, are preserved to retain as much of your natural knee structure, function, and sensation as possible.

In some patients, arthritis may later develop in the previously unaffected compartments of the knee. This can lead to:

New or recurring knee pain
Stiffness or swelling
Reduced function or instability

The rate and likelihood of arthritis progression vary depending on your individual knee anatomy, activity level, body weight, and underlying joint health. Some patients enjoy decades of excellent function without needing further surgery, while others may eventually require additional treatment.

Can a partial knee replacement be revised to a total knee replacement?

Yes. If arthritis progresses significantly, a conversion to total knee replacement (TKA) may be considered. This is a well-established procedure where the remaining parts of the joint are replaced. The revision is typically more straightforward when the original partial knee implant is still well-positioned and hasn’t caused bone loss or other issues.

Monitoring and prevention

To reduce the likelihood of arthritis progressing in the other compartments:

Regular follow-up with your surgeon is important to monitor the knee’s overall health.
Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce stress across all areas of the joint.
Strengthening exercises and physiotherapy can support joint stability and mobility.
Managing underlying inflammatory or degenerative conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout is also important.

How much does partial knee replacement surgery cost in Australia?

The cost of partial knee replacement surgery in Australia varies depending on several factors, including your level of private health insurance, the hospital where the procedure is performed, and whether robotic-assisted technology is used.

Privately insured patients

If you hold private health insurance, part or all of your hospital and surgical fees may be covered. Your exact out-of-pocket costs however, will depend on:

The level of cover included in your policy
Any excess payable
Gaps charged by the surgeon, anaesthetist, or hospital

For privately insured patients, Dr Awwad charges a gap that will be discussed at the time of your appointment. Other out-of-pocket expenses, such as your health fund excess and the anaesthetist’s fee, will vary according to your individual policy.

Robotic-assisted partial knee replacement

Robotic-assisted surgery may involve additional costs related to pre-operative imaging (such as a CT scan) or the use of advanced robotic technology during the procedure. In some hospitals, these expenses are already included in the standard surgical package. In others, they may be itemised and billed separately. While robotic-assisted systems are designed to support greater accuracy in implant placement and alignment, their use may attract a small additional fee. Medicare rebates apply for eligible components of the procedure, and your private health insurer may cover some or all of the associated costs depending on your policy.

Self-funding patients

If you are uninsured or self-funding your surgery, a quote for surgery can be provided. This can vary depending on hospital choice and individual requirements. Our team can provide a personalised estimate and outline available payment options.

How to avoid unexpected expenses

To ensure you have a clear understanding of fees before surgery, we recommend:

Requesting an itemised quote from Dr Awwad’s rooms
Confirming your private health insurance coverage for joint replacement item numbers
Asking whether robotic-assisted surgery and CT imaging are included in your policy or will attract an additional gap

Personalised cost estimate

After your consultation, Dr Awwad’s team will provide a tailored quote that includes:

Surgeon’s fee
Anaesthetist costs
Hospital fees
Any additional costs for robotic-assisted technology or imaging

This ensures you have a transparent understanding of your likely expenses before committing to surgery.

Who is the best partial knee replacement surgeon in Adelaide?

There is no single “best” partial knee replacement surgeon in Adelaide. The most appropriate surgeon for you depends on your individual condition, goals, and preferences. When making a decision, it may help to consider whether your surgeon has:

Subspecialty training in knee arthroplasty, including partial (unicompartmental) knee replacement
Experience with robotic-assisted, minimally invasive, or personalised surgical techniques
A track record of safe outcomes and patient-centred care
Clear, transparent information about implants, recovery expectations, and candidacy criteria
Experience across both public hospital trauma work and private elective practice

Dr George Awwad holds subspecialty training in knee and hip surgery, including partial and total knee replacement procedures. His practice emphasises:

Patient-specific surgical planning supported by advanced imaging
Use of robotic-assisted technology where appropriate for accuracy in implant placement
Minimally invasive approaches designed to support enhanced recovery
A personalised approach, ensuring that both surgical and non-surgical options are carefully discussed with each patient

Dr Awwad consults at several locations across Adelaide and operates at both public and private hospitals. His focus is on helping patients make well-informed decisions about their treatment, with clear guidance from the first consultation through to rehabilitation.